作為老師或家長的你,有沒有以下被幼兒回應或反問的經驗?
雖然俗語有所謂「助人為快樂之本」,但究竟幼兒又是否同意或感受到呢?另一方面,即使幼兒不同意,成人有甚麼辦法去引導幼兒變得更樂於助人呢?
利他行為泛指一切為了令其他人有所得益而作出的行為(Eisenberg, 2006),而為研究如何促進發展幼兒的利他行為,學者將幼兒的表現大致分為以下三類(Dunfield, 2014):
上述的三種利他助人行為,均旨在紓緩事件中不同人的負面情緒,但究竟是為了幫助減低對方的負面情緒,還是為了令自己「開心(VS 少一些不開心)」?來自美國和加拿大的學者就分別指出,在不安的環境中,相對於自己的心情,幼兒所表現出利他助人程度,其實與事件中的當事人有多負面有更強烈的關係(Williams et al., 2014),而且明顯見於那些有「安全依附(secure attachment)」的幼兒,他們多能夠在可能帶來不安的新環境中裡的探索過程中,與媽媽之間維持適當的近距離,在面對陌生人時也表現相對開朗,在別人有需要時表現更相對主動(Beier et al., 2019)。此外,雖然助人行為的「初心」未必是為了讓自己「感覺良好」,但研究又的確發現,幼兒在助人以後會更開心,並會因為別人的讚賞而欣喜(Song et al., 2020)。
老師和家長可以從「教、模、形」 三個角度,引導孩子更樂於利他助人:
1.「教」:教導方式
參考文獻:
Beier, J. S., Gross, J. T., Brett, B. E., Stern, J. A., Martin, D. R., & Cassidy, J. (2019). Helping, sharing, and comforting in young children: Links to individual differences in attachment. Children Development, 90, e273-e298.
Body, A., Lau, E., & Josephidou, J. (2020). Engaging children in meaningful charity: Opening-up the spaces within which children learn to give. Children & Society, 34, 189-203.
Bryan, C. J., Master, A., & Walton, G. M. (2014). “Helping” versus “being a helper”: Invoking the self to increase helping in young children. Child Development, 85, 1836-1842.
Dunfield, K. A. (2014). A construct divided: Prosocial behavior as helping, sharing and comforting subtypes. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, article 958.
Eisenberg, N. (2006). Prosocial behavior. In G. G. Bear & K. M. Minke. (2006). Children's needs III: Development, prevention, and intervention (pp. 313-324). Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists.
Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents' use of inductive discipline: Relations to children's empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 3263-3277.
Mussen, P., & Eisenberg, N. (2001). Prosocial development in context. In A. C. Bohart & D. J. Stipek (Eds.), Constructive & destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, & society (p. 103–126). American Psychological Association.
Song, Y., Broekhuizen, M. L., & Dubas, J. S. (2020). Happy little benefactor: Prosocial behaviors promote happiness in young children from two cultures. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, article 1398.
Williams, A., O’Driscoll, K., & Moore, C. (2014). The influence of empathic concern on prosocial behavior in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, article 425.